Who founded the first record company owned and operated by an African-American?

• A. Berry Gordy
• B. Harry Pace
• C. Jimmy Jam
• D. Ahmet Ertegun

Answer: (B)

The first record company owned and operated by an African-American was founded by Harry Pace, making this the correct choice. In 1920, he established Black Swan Records in New York City. This was a significant milestone in the music industry, as it provided a platform for African-American artists to produce and distribute their music during a time when opportunities for black musicians were largely limited.

Pace's vision was to create a space that not only highlighted black talent but also catered specifically to the African-American community's musical tastes. His work was crucial in challenging the prevailing racial barriers and stereotypes in the music industry, paving the way for future generations of artists and entrepreneurs.

Berry Gordy, while an influential figure as the founder of Motown Records, came later and is known for revolutionizing the music scene after Pace's era. Jimmy Jam is a prominent music producer but not known for founding a record company, and Ahmet Ertegun co-founded Atlantic Records, which, although significant, was not owned by an African-American. Therefore, Harry Pace's pioneering efforts with Black Swan Records stand out in the context of this question.