Which African American leader founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association?

• A. W.E.B. Du Bois
• B. Marcus Garvey
• C. Malcolm X
• D. Langston Hughes

Answer: (B)

The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914. Garvey's vision was to unify and uplift people of African descent globally, promoting a sense of pride, self-reliance, and economic independence. He advocated for the idea of a return to Africa, emphasizing the importance of establishing a national identity for black people.

Under Garvey's leadership, the UNIA grew rapidly, influencing the Pan-Africanism movement and drawing significant attention to issues affecting African descendants worldwide. His efforts helped to lay the groundwork for future civil rights movements and fostered a strong sense of community among African Americans and the global black diaspora. The organization's motto, "One God! One Aim! One Destiny!" encapsulated Garvey's mission to inspire unity and collective action among people of African descent.

In contrast, the other leaders listed—W.E.B. Du Bois, Malcolm X, and Langston Hughes—were prominent figures in their own right with different focuses and methodologies regarding racial and social issues. While Du Bois was a leading intellectual and co-founder of the NAACP, and Malcolm X advocated for black empowerment and civil rights in a different context, Langston Hughes was a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance known for